【設問】
１(A) [出典：Noam Chomsky, "Propaganda and control of the public mind," Chomsky on Democracy and Education (2002)]
以下の英文を読み，その内容を70~80字の日本語で要約せよ。句読点も字数に含める。
There is no doubt that one of the major issues of contemporary U.S. history is corporate propaganda. It extends over the commercial media, but included the whole range of systems that reach the public: the entertainment industry, television, a good bit of what appears in schools, a lot of what appears in the newspapers, and so on. A huge amount of that comes straight out of the public relations industry, which was established in this country and developed mainly from the 1920s on. It is now spreading over the rest of the world.
Its goal from the very beginning, perfectly openly and consciously, was to “control the public mind,” as they put it. The public mind was seen as the greatest threat to corporations. As it is a very free country, it is hard to call upon state violence to crush people’s efforts to achieve freedom, rights, and justice. Therefore it was recognized early on that it is going to be necessary to control people’s minds. All sorts of mechanisms of control are going to have to be devised which will replace the efficient use of force and violence. That use was available to a much greater extent early on, and has been, fortunately, declining – although not uniformly – through the years.
The leading figure of the public relations industry is a highly regarded liberal, Edward Bernays. He wrote the standard manual of the public relations industry back in the 1920s, which is very much worth reading. I’m not talking about the right wing here. This is way over at the left-liberal end of American politics. His book is called Propaganda.
Bernays’s Propaganda opens by pointing out that the conscious manipulation of the organized habits and opinions of the masses is the central feature of a democratic society. He said: we have the essential feature of democracy. But also (as a footnote) it’s the way to maintain power structures, and authority structures, and wealth, and so on, roughly the way it is.
I should mention that terminology changed during the Second World War. Prior to World War Ⅱ, the term propaganda was used, quite openly and freely. Its image got pretty bad during the war because of Hitler, so the term was dropped. Now there are other terms used.
【解答例】
1(A)
企業などによるプロパガンダは民主主義の特徴であり，暴力なしで人々の考えを支配するだけでなく権力構造を維持するためにも用いられるが，今では別の名前で呼ばれている。(80字)
1(B)
(ア) (1)b (2)a (3)d (4)c (5)e
(イ) I once [ asked an editor if I could describe a particular street as tree-lined but trash-scattered ], but he didn't have time to get the joke.
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